Heat the vegetable oil in a wide heavy pot over medium heat until shimmering, about 2 minutes. Add the cumin seeds and let them sizzle until fragrant, 30 seconds.
Add the onion and green chili and cook, stirring often, until the onion turns translucent then light golden, 8–10 minutes.
Stir in the ginger-garlic paste and cook until the raw aroma fades, about 1 minute.
Sprinkle in the ground turmeric, Kashmiri red chili powder, and ground coriander; stir and toast the spices for 30 seconds.
Add the tomato and cook, stirring, until the masala thickens, looks glossy, and oil begins to separate at the edges, 6–8 minutes.
Pour in the kosher salt and water; stir and bring to a gentle boil.
Add the potato and carrot. Reduce the heat to medium-low, cover, and simmer until starting to soften, 8–10 minutes.
Stir in the cauliflower and green beans. Cover and simmer until just tender, 6–8 minutes.
Add the green peas and simmer uncovered until bright and heated through, 3–4 minutes.
Fold in the garam masala and kasuri methi and simmer 1 minute to bloom the aroma.
Rest off heat for 2 minutes to settle the flavors. Serve hot, sprinkled with cilantro.